Response to Viral Infection Mediated by Specialized White Blood Cells

Specialized white blood cells called regulatory T cells may be able to avert autoimmune response by directing the first response to viral infection in the body, researchers at the University of Washington (UW) have suggested.

T-cells are important in controlling autoimmunity, a cellular self-attack that can lead to diseases like reactive arthritis.

UW researchers have shown in a rodent study that young mice deficient in regulatory T cells die from an aggressive form of autoimmunity that damages several organs.

Alexander Y. Rudensky, professor of immunology at UW has said that while there’s a great interest in the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells, studies in lab animals suggest these cells might be harnessed to treat autoimmune diseases or reduce rejection of transplanted organs.

According to the researchers, regulatory T cells might call a halt to immune responses as the body nears success in eliminating an infection. This suppression as the fight draws to an end would reduce tissue damage from robust immune responses.

In the recent study, namely "Coordination of Early Protective Immunity to Viral Infections by Regulatory T Cells," researchers scouted for a role for regulatory T cells during the start of a herpes simplex virus infection in mucus membranes.

When regulatory T cells are deficient in mice, the herpes simplex virus replicates rapidly in the mucus membranes and spreads to the spinal cord. On a closer examination of these mice that lack regulatory T cells, the researchers found very little interferon, an anti-viral chemical that also boosts the immune response, at the infection site, even though it was found in the draining lymph nodes.